It is a mistake to talk of Islam as if it were one homogeneous movement or ideology, or as if it could be treated as an autonomous social force. As a religious belief, Islam has some uniform characteristics, but as a political and social movement it is diverse, varying in each country in its social context and political significance.
—Fred Halliday, New Left Review, December 1987
There are as many Islams as there are situations that sustain it [sic].
—Aziz Al-Azmeh, Islams and Modernities
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