Responsibility measured in terms of each country's contribution to cumulative historical emissions. “As of 2015, the USA was responsible for 40% of excess global CO 2 emissions. The European Union (EU-28) was responsible for 29%. The G8 nations (the USA, EU-28, Russia, Japan, and Canada) were together responsible for 85%. Countries classified by the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change as Annex I nations (ie, most industrialised countries) were responsible for 90% of excess emissions. The Global North was responsible for 92%. By contrast, most countries in the Global South were within their boundary fair shares, including India and China (although China will overshoot soon). High-income countries have a greater degree of responsibility for climate damages than previous methods have implied.” In addition, there are “ the emissions that high-income countries have outsourced to lower-income countries since the rise of globalisation in the 1980s.” “These results illustrate wha